Knee replacement, also known as knee arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure in which a damaged or diseased knee joint is replaced with an artificial joint (prosthesis). This procedure is typically recommended for patients experiencing severe knee pain and impairment due to conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or traumatic injuries.

Key Features of Knee Replacement:

1. Indications:

   • Severe knee pain that limits daily activities such as walking, climbing stairs, or getting up from a chair.
   • Chronic knee inflammation and swelling.
   • Knee deformity or stiffness that does not improve with conservative treatments.

2. Types of Knee Replacement:

   • Total Knee Replacement (TKR): Involves replacing both the femoral and tibial components of the knee joint with prosthetic implants.
   • Partial Knee Replacement: Involves replacing only one part of the knee joint, typically the medial (inner) or lateral (outer) compartment.
   • Kneecap Replacement (Patellofemoral Replacement): Involves replacing only the kneecap (patella) and the groove in the femur (trochlea).

3. Prosthetic Components:

   • Femoral Component: Metal implant covering the end of the femur (thighbone).
   • Tibial Component: Metal base plate with a plastic insert that covers the top of the tibia (shinbone).
   • Patellar Component: Plastic dome-shaped implant that replaces the underside of the kneecap.

The Procedure:

1. Preoperative Preparation:

   • Medical evaluation, including physical exams, imaging tests (X-rays, MRI), and blood tests.
   • Discussion of the surgical procedure, potential risks, benefits, and expected outcomes.
   • Preoperative physical therapy to strengthen muscles around the knee joint.

2. Surgical Steps:

   • Anesthesia: General or regional anesthesia is administered to ensure comfort during the procedure.
   • Incision: A surgical incision is made over the knee joint to access the damaged joint.
   • Resurfacing: The damaged or diseased parts of the knee joint are removed.
   • Implant Placement: The prosthetic components are securely placed into position on the femur, tibia, and patella.
   • Closure: The incision is closed with sutures or staples, and a sterile dressing is applied.

3. Postoperative Care:

   • Pain Management: Medications to control pain and discomfort.
   • Physical Therapy: Begins soon after surgery to promote knee mobility, strength, and range of motion.
   • Monitoring for Complications: Regular follow-up visits to monitor healing and detect any signs of infection, blood clots, or prosthetic issues.